After upgrading from Horizon 8 2006 to Horizon 8 2012, audio stopped working. When connected to a VDI session, audio is not being passed through to the client.
The Problem
Audio simply does not work. Using the Chrome and multimedia redirection, audio will work, but this is most likely due to the fact the client is handling multimedia.
The Fix
Removing the audio drivers (forcing uninstall/deleting the audio driver) and re-installing the agent does not correct this.
Uninstalling and reinstalling the Horizon Client does not correct this.
Audio does function on the Horizon Android client so I isolated this to the Windows client.
After further troubleshooting, I opened the Windows Sound mixer (Right click on the audio icon in the system tray, select “Open Volume Mixer”). I noticed that not only was the VMware Horizon client at 0, but it was also muted.
VMware Horizon View Client Audio Mixer
Unmuting this and raising the volume slider resolved the issue.
When updating VMware vCenter vCSA 7.0 U1 (Build 16858589) to vCSA 7.0 U1 (Build 17004997/17005016, Version 7.0.1.00100), you may notice that the update fails and reports issues with pre-update checks.
Pre-update checks done prior to the update will pass and allow you to proceed, however it’s the installation that will fail and crash reporting this error.
After the installation fails, you will no longer be able to log in to the vCSA VAMI reporting the error “Unable to Login” using the root account.
You are able to login via SSH. Resetting the root password via SSH will not resolve this issue.
The Problem
In the past, issues with the root password expiring have caused similar behavior on the vCSA VAMI. Changing the root password does not resolve this specific issue.
Further troubleshooting, it appears that special characters in the root password such as “!”, “.”, and “@” caused this issue to occur in my environment.
I was not able to fix the broken vCSA after the failed update. Access to the vCSA was not possible, however vCenter functions were still operating.
The Solution
To resolve this situation in my environment, I restored a snapshot of the vCSA taken prior to updating.
After restoring the snapshot, I changed the root password for VAMI and restarted the vCSA.
Another snapshot was taken prior to attempting the upgrade, which was now succesfull after removing special characters out of the root password.
Did a new VM appear on your VMware vSphere cluster called “vCLS”? Maybe multiple appeared named “vCLS (1)”, “vCLS (2)”, “vCLS (3)” appeared.
VMware vCLS VM in vSphere Cluster Objects
This could be frightening but fear not, this is part of VMware vSphere 7.0 Update 1.
What is the vCLS VM?
The vCLS virtural machine is essentially an “appliance” or “service” VM that allows a vSphere cluster to remain functioning in the event that the vCenter Server becomes unavailable. It will maintain the health and services of that cluster.
Where did the vCLS VM come from?
The vCLS VM will appear after upgrading to vSphere 7.0 Update 1. I’m assuming it was deployed during the upgrade process.
It does not appear in the standard Cluster, Hosts, and VMs view, but does appear when looking at the vSphere objects VM lists, Storage VM lists, etc…
Is it normal to have more than one vCLS VM?
The vCLS VMs are created when hosts are added to a vSphere Cluster. Up to 3 vCLS VMs are required to run in each vSphere Cluster.
The vCLS VMs will also appear on clusters which contain only one or two hosts. These configurations will result in either 1 or 2 vCLS VMs named “vCLS (1)” and “vCLS (2)”.
More Information on vCLS VMs
For more information and technical specifics, you can visit the link below:
If you’re like me and use an older Nvidia GRID K1 or K2 vGPU video card for your VDI homelab, you may notice that when using VMware Horizon that VMware Blast h264 encoding is no longer being offloaded to the GPU and is instead being encoded via the CPU.
The Problem
Originally when an environment was configured with an Nvidia GRID K1 or K2 card, not only does the card provide 3D acceleration and rendering, but it also offloads the VMware BLAST h264 stream (the visual session) so that the CPU doesn’t have to. This results in less CPU usage and provides a streamlined experience for the user.
This functionality was handled via NVFBC (Nvidia Frame Buffer Capture) which was part of the Nvidia Capture SDK (formerly known as GRID SDK). This function allowed the video card to capture the video frame buffer and encode it using NVENC (Nvidia Encoder).
Ultimately after spending hours troubleshooting, I learned that NVFBC has been deprecated and is no longer support, hence why it’s no longer functioning. I also checked and noticed that tools (such as nvfbcenable) were no longer bundled with the VMware Horizon agent. One can assume that the agent doesn’t even attempt to check or use this function.
Symptoms
Before I was aware of this, I noticed that while 3D Acceleration and graphics were functioning, I was experiencing high CPU usage. Upon further investigation I noticed that my VMware BLAST sessions were not offloading h264 encoding to the video card.
VMware Horizon Performance Tracker with NVidia GRID K1
You’ll notice above that under the “Encoder” section, the “Encoder Name” was listed as “h264 4:2:0”. Normally this would say “NVIDIA NvEnc H264” (or “NVIDIA NvEnc HEVC” on newer cards) if it was being offloaded to the GPU.
Looking at a VMware Blast session (Blast-Worker-SessionId1.log), the following lines can be seen.
You’ll notice it tries to load the proper functions, however it fails.
The Solution
Unfortunately the only solution is to upgrade to newer or different hardware.
The GRID K1 and GRID K2 cards have reached their EOL (End of Life) and are no longer support. The drivers are not being maintained or updated so I doubt they will take advantage of the newer frame buffer capture functions of Windows 10.
Newer hardware and solutions have incorporated this change and use a different means of frame buffer capture.
To resolve this in my own homelab, I plan to migrate to an AMD FirePro S7150x2.
When upgrading from any version of VMware vCSA to version 7.0, you may encounter a problem during the migration phase and be asked to specifiy a new “Export Directory”.
I’ve seen this occur on numerous upgrades and often find the same culprit causing the issue. I’ve found a very simple fix compared to other solutions online.
The full prompt for this issue is: “Enter a new export directory on the source machine below”
The Problem
When you upgrade the vCenter vCSA, the process migrates all data over from the source appliance, to the new vCSA 7 appliance.
This data can include the following (depending on your selection):
Configuration
Configuration and historical data (events and tasks)
Configuration and historical data (events, tasks, and performance metric)
This data can accumulate, especially the VMware vSphere Update Manager.
In the most recent upgrade I performed, I noticed that the smallest option (configuration only) was around 8GB, which is way over the 4.7GB default limit.
In my diagnosis, I logged in to the SSH console of the source appliance, and noticed that the partitions containing the VUM data (which includes update files) was around 7.4GB. This is the “/storage/updatemgr/” partition.
I wasn’t sure if this was included, but the 8GB of configuration, minus the 7.4GB of VUM data, could technically get me to around 0.6GB for migration if this was in fact included.
In my environment, I have the default (and simple) implementation of VUM with the only customization being the HPE VIBs depot. I figured maybe I should blast away the VUM and start from scratch on VMware vCSA 7.0 to see if this fixes the issue.
The Fix
To fix this issue, I simply completely reset the VMware Update Manager Database.
For details on this process and before performing these steps, please see VMware KB 2147284.
Let’s get to it:
Close the migration window (you can reopen this later)
Log in to your vCSA source appliance via SSH or console
Run the applicable steps as defined in the VMware KB 2147284 to reset VUM (WARNING: commands are version specific). In my case on vCSA 6.5 I ran the following commands:
Open your web broswer and navigate to https://new-vcsa-IP:5480 and resume the migration. You will now notice a significant space reduction and won’t need to specify a new mount point.
That’s it! You have a shiny new clean VUM instance, and can successfully upgrade to vCSA 7.0 without having to specify a new mount point.
To restore any old configuration to VUM, you’ll do so in the “VMware Lifecycle Management” section of the VMware vCenter Server Appliance interface.
When you’re looking for additional or enhanced options to secure you’re business and enterprise IT systems, MFA/2FA can help you achieve this. Get away from the traditional single password, and implement additional means of authentication! MFA provides a great compliment to your cyber-security policies.
MFA is short for Multi Factor authentication, additionally 2FA is short for Two Factor Authentication. While they are somewhat the same, multi means many, and 2 means two. Additional security is provided with both, since it provides more means of authentication.
Traditionally, users authenticate with 1 (one) level of authentication: their password. In simple terms MFA/2FA in addition to a password, provides a 2nd method of authentication and identity validation. By requiring users to authentication with a 2nd mechanism, this provides enhanced security.
Why use MFA/2FA
In a large portion of security breaches, we see users passwords become compromised. This can happen during a phishing attack, virus, keylogger, or other ways. Once a malicious user or bot has a users credentials (username and password), they can access resources available to that user.
By implementing a 2nd level of authentication, even if a users password becomes compromised, the real (or malicious user) must pass a 2nd authentication check. While this is easy for the real user, in most cases it’s nearly impossible for a malicious user. If a password get’s compromised, nothing can be accessed as it requires a 2nd level of authentication. If this 2nd method is a cell phone or hardware token, a malicious user won’t be ale to access the users resources unless they steal the cell phone, or hardware token.
How does MFA/2FA work
When deploying MFA or 2FA you have the option of using an app, hardware token (fob), or phone verification to perform the additional authentication check.
After a user attempts to logs on to a computer or service with their username and password, the 2nd level of authentication will be presented, and must pass in order for the login request to succeed.
Please see below for an example of 2FA selection screen after a successful username and password:
Duo Security Windows Login MFA 2FA Prompt
After selecting an authentication method for MFA or 2FA, you can use the following
2FA with App (Duo Push)
Duo Push sends an authentication challenge to your mobile device which a user can then approve or deny.
Please see below for an example of Duo Push:
Duo Push to Mobile App on Android
Once the user selects to approve or deny the login request, the original login will either be approved or denied. We often see this as being the preferred MFA/2FA method.
2FA with phone verification (Call Me)
Duo phone verification (Call Me) will call you on your phone number (pre-configured by your IT staff) and challenge you to either hangup to deny the login request, or press a button on the keypad to accept the login request.
While we rarely use this option, it is handy to have as a backup method.
2FA with Hardware Token (Passcode)
Duo Passcode challenges are handled using a hardware token (or you can generate a passcode using the Duo App). Once you select this method, you will be prompted to enter the passcode to complete the 2FA authentication challenge. If you enter the correct passcode, the login will be accepted.
Here is a Duo D-100 Token that uses HOTP (HMAC-based One Time Password):
Duo D-100 HOTP Hardware Token
When you press the green button, a passcode will be temporarily displayed on the LCD display which you can use to complete the passcode challenge.
You can purchase Hardware Token’s directly from Digitally Accurate Inc by contacting us, your existing Duo Partner, or from Duo directly. Duo is also compatible with other 3rd party hardware tokens that use HOTP and TOTP.
2FA with U2F
While you can’t visibly see the option for U2F, you can use U2F as an MFA or 2FA authentication challenge. This includes devices like a Yubikey from Yubico, which plugs in to the USB port of your computer. You can attach a Yubikey to your key chain, and bring it around with you. The Yubikey simply plugs in to your USB port and has a button that you press when you want to authenticate.
When the 2FA window pops up, simply hit the button and your Yubikey will complete the MFA/2FA challange.
What can MFA/2FA protect
Duo MFA supports numerous cloud and on-premise applications, services, protocols, and technologies. While the list is very large (full list available at https://duo.com/product/every-application), we regularly deploy and use Duo Security for the following configurations.
Windows Logins (Server and Workstation Logon)
Duo MFA can be deployed to not only protect your Windows Servers and Workstations, but also your remote access system as well.
When logging on to a Windows Server or Windows Workstation, a user will be presented with the following screen for 2FA authentication:
Duo Security Windows Login MFA 2FA Prompt
Below you can see a video demonstration of DUO on Windows Login.
DUO works with both Windows Logins and RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) Logins.
VMWare Horizon View Clients (VMWare VDI Logon)
Duo MFA can be deployed to protect your VDI (Virtual Desktop Infrastructure) by requiring MFA or 2FA when users log in to access their desktops.
When logging on to the VMware Horizon Client, a user will be presented with the following screen for 2FA authentication:
Duo Security VMWare Horizon Client Login MFA 2FA Prompt
Below you can see a video demonstration of DUO on VMware Horizon View (VDI) Login.
Sophos UTM (Admin and User Portal Logon)
Duo MFA can be deployed to protect your Sophos UTM firewall. You can protect the admin account, as well as user accounts when accessing the user portal.
If you’re using the VPN functionality on the Sophos UTM, you can also protect VPN logins with Duo MFA.
Unix and Linux (Server and Workstation Logon)
Duo MFA can be deployed to protect your Unix and Linux Servers. You can protect all user accounts, including the root user.
We regularly deploy this with Fedora and CentOS (even FreePBX) and you can protect both SSH and/or console logins.
When logging on to a Unix or Linux server, a user will be presented with the following screen for 2FA authentication:
Duo Security CentOS Linux login MFA 2FA Prompt
Below you can see a video demonstration of DUO on Linux.
WordPress Logon
Duo MFA can be deployed to protect your WordPress blog. You can protect your admin and other user accounts.
If you have a popular blog, you know how often bots are attempting to hack and brute force your passwords. If by chance your admin password becomes compromised, using MFA or 2FA can protect your site.
When logging on to a WordPress blog admin interface, a user will be presented with the following screen for 2FA authentication:
Duo Security WordPress Login MFA 2FA Prompt
Below you can see a video demonstration of DUO on a WordPress blog.
How easy is it to implement
Implementing Duo MFA is very easy and works with your existing IT Infrastructure. It can easily be setup, configured, and maintained on your existing servers, workstations, and network devices.
Duo offers numerous plugins (for windows), as well as options for RADIUS type authentication mechanisms, and other types of authentication.
How easy is it to manage
Duo is managed through the Duo Security web portal. Your IT admins can manage users, MFA devices, tokens, and secured applications via the web interface. You can also deploy appliances that allow users to manage, provision, and add their MFA devices and settings.
Duo also integrates with Active Directory to make managing and maintaining users easy and fairly automated.
In the ever-evolving world of IT and End User Computing (EUC), new technologies and solutions are constantly being developed to decrease costs, improve functionality, and help the business’ bottom line. In this pursuit, as far as end user computing goes, two technologies have emerged: Hosted Desktop Infrastructure (HDI), and Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI). In this post I hope to explain the differences and compare the technologies.
We’re at a point where due to the low cost of backend server computing, performance, and storage, it doesn’t make sense to waste end user hardware and resources. By deploying thin clients, zero clients, or software clients, we can reduce the cost per user for workstations or desktop computers, and consolidate these on the backend side of things. By moving moving EUC to the data center (or server room), we can reduce power requirements, reduce hardware and licensing costs, and take advantage of some cool technologies thanks to the use of virtualization and/or Storage (SANs), snapshots, fancy provisioning, backup and disaster recovery, and others.
See below for the video, or read on for the blog post!
And it doesn’t stop there, utilizing these technologies minimizes the resources required and spent on managing, monitoring, and supporting end user computing. For businesses this is a significant reduction in costs, as well as downtime.
What is Hosted Desktop Infrastructure (HDI) and Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)
Many IT professionals still don’t fully understand the difference between HDI and VDI, but it’s as sample as this: Hosted Desktop Infrastructure runs natively on the bare metal (whether it’s a server, or SoC) and is controlled and provided by a provisioning server or connection broker, whereas Virtual Desktop Infrastructure virtualizes (like you’re accustomed to with servers) the desktops in a virtual environment and is controlled and provided via hypervisors running on the physical hardware.
Hosted Desktop Infrastructure (HDI)
As mentioned above, Hosted Desktop Infrastructure hosts the End User Computing sessions on bare metal hardware in your datacenter (on servers). A connection broker handles the connections from the thin clients, zero clients, or software clients to the bare metal allowing the end user to see the video display, and interact with the workstation instance via keyboard and mouse.
Pros:
Remote Access capabilities
Reduction in EUC hardware and cost-savings
Simplifies IT Management and Support
Reduces downtime
Added redundancy
Runs on bare metal hardware
Resources are dedicated and not shared, the user has full access to the hardware the instance runs on (CPU, Memory, GPU, etc)
Easily provide accelerated graphics to EUC instances without additional costs
Reduction in licensing as virtualization products don’t need to be used
Cons:
Limited instance count to possible instances on hardware
Scaling out requires immediate purchase of hardware
Some virtualization features are not available since this solution doesn’t use virtualization
Additional backup strategy may need to be implemented separate from your virtualized infrastructure
Example:
If you require dedicated resources for end users and want to be as cost-effective as possible, HDI is a great candidate.
An example HDI deployment would utilize HPE Moonshot which is one of the main uses for HPE Moonshot 1500 chassis. HPE Moonshot allows you to provision up to 180 OS instances for each HPE Moonshot 1500 chassis.
Virtual Desktop Infrastructure virtualizes the end user operating system instances exactly how you virtualize your server infrastructure. In VMware environments, VMware Horizon View can provision, manage, and maintain the end user computing environments (virtual machines) to dynamically assign, distribute, manage, and broker sessions for users. The software product handles the connections and interaction between the virtualized workstation instances and the thin client, zero client, or software client.
Pros:
Remote Access capabilities
Reduction in EUC hardware and cost-savings
Simplifies IT Management and Support
Reduces downtime
Added redundancy
Runs as a virtual machine
Shared resources (you don’t waste hardware or resources as end users share the resources)
Easy to scale out (add more backend infrastructure as required, don’t need to “halt” scaling while waiting for equipment)
Can over-commit (over-provision)
Backup strategy is consistent with your virtualized infrastructure
Capabilities such as VMware DRS, VMware HA
Cons:
Resources are not dedicated and are shared, users share the server resources (CPU, Memory, GPU, etc)
Extra licensing may be required
Extra licensing required for virtual accelerated graphics (GPU)
Example:
If you want to share a pool of resources, require high availability, and/or have dynamic requirements then virtualization would be the way to go. You can over commit resources while expanding and growing your environment without any discontinuation of services. With virtualization you also have access to technologies such as DRS, HA, and special Backup and DR capabilities.
Both technologies are great and have their own use cases depending on your business requirements. Make sure you research and weigh each of the options if you’re considering either technologies. Both are amazing technologies which will compliment and enhance your IT strategy.
So you want to add NVMe storage capability to your HPE Proliant DL360p Gen8 (or other Proliant Gen8 server) and don’t know where to start? Well, I was in the same situation until recently. However, after much research, a little bit of spending, I now have 8TB of NVMe storage in my HPE DL360p Gen8 Server thanks to the IOCREST IO-PEX40152.
Unsupported you say? Well, there are some of us who like to live life dangerously, there is also those of us with really cool homelabs. I like to think I’m the latter.
PLEASE NOTE: This is not a supported configuration. You’re doing this at your own risk. Also, note that consumer/prosumer NVME SSDs do not have PLP (Power Loss Prevention) technology. You should always use supported configurations and enterprise grade NVME SSDs in production environments.
DISCLAIMER: If you attempt what I did in this post, you are doing it at your own risk. I won’t be held liable for any damages or issues.
Use Cases
There’s a number of reasons why you’d want to do this. Some of them include:
Server Storage
VMware Storage
VMware vSAN
Virtualized Storage (SDS as example)
VDI
Flash Cache
Special applications (database, high IO)
Adding NVMe capability
Well, after all that research I mentioned at the beginning of the post, I installed an IOCREST IO-PEX40152 inside of an HPE Proliant DL360p Gen8 to add NVMe capabilities to the server.
IOCREST IO-PEX40152 with 4 x 2TB Sabrent Rocket 4 NVME
At first I was concerned about dimensions as technically the card did fit, but technically it didn’t. I bought it anyways, along with 4 X 2TB Sabrent Rocket 4 NVMe SSDs.
The end result?
HPE DL360p Gen8 with NVME SSD
IMPORTANT: Due to the airflow of the server, I highly recommend disconnecting and removing the fan built in to the IO-PEX40152. The DL360p server will create more than enough airflow and could cause the fan to spin up, generate electricity, and damage the card and NVME SSD.
Also, do not attempt to install the case cover, additional modification is required (see below).
The Fit
Installing the card inside of the PCIe riser was easy, but snug. The metal heatsink actually comes in to contact with the metal on the PCIe riser.
IO-PEX40152 installed on DL360p PCIe Riser
You’ll notice how the card just barely fits inside of the 1U server. Some effort needs to be put in to get it installed properly.
HPE DL360p Gen8 with IO-PEX40152 Installed
There are ribbon cables (and plastic fittings) directly where the end of the card goes, so you need to gently push these down and push cables to the side where there’s a small amount of thin room available.
We can’t put the case back on… Yet!
Unfortunately, just when I thought I was in the clear, I realized the case of the server cannot be installed. The metal bracket and locking mechanism on the case cover needs the space where a portion of the heatsink goes. Attempting to install this will cause it to hit the card.
HPE DL360p Gen8 Case Locking Mechanism
The above photo shows the locking mechanism protruding out of the case cover. This will hit the card (with the IOCREST IO-PEX40152 heatsink installed). If the heatsink is removed, the case might gently touch the card in it’s unlocked and recessed position, but from my measurements clears the card when locked fully and fully closed.
I had to come up with a temporary fix while I figure out what to do. Flip the lid and weight it down.
HPE DL360p Gen8 case cover upside down
For stability and other tests, I simply put the case cover on upside down and weighed it down with weights. Cooling is working great and even under high load I haven’t seen the SSD’s go above 38 Celsius.
The plan moving forward was to remove the IO-PEX40152 heatsink, and install individual heatsinks on the NVME SSD as well as the PEX PCIe switch chip. This should clear up enough room for the case cover to be installed properly.
The fix
I went on to Amazon and purchased the following items:
IOCREST IO-PEX40152 with GLOTRENDS M.2 NVMe SSD Heatsink on Sabrent Rocket 4 NVME
And now we install it in the DL360p Gen8 PCIe riser and install it in to the server.
You’ll notice it’s a nice fit! I had to compress some of the heat conductive goo on the PFX chip heatsink as the heatsink was slightly too high by 1/16th of an inch. After doing this it fit nicely.
Also, note the one of the cable/ribbon connectors by the SAS connections. I re-routed on of the cables between the SAS connectors they could be folded and lay under the card instead of pushing straight up in to the end of the card.
As I mentioned above, the locking mechanism on the case cover may come in to contact with the bottom of the IOCREST card when it’s in the unlocked and recessed position. With this setup, do not unlock the case or open the case when the server is running/plugged in as it may short the board. I have confirmed when it’s closed and locked, it clears the card. To avoid “accidents” I may come up with a non-conductive cover for the chips it hits (to the left of the fan connector on the card in the image).
And with that, we’ve closed the case on this project…
HPE DL360p Gen8 Case Closed
One interesting thing to note is that the NVME SSD are running around 4-6 Celsius cooler post-modification with custom heatsinks than with the stock heatsink. I believe this is due to the awesome airflow achieved in the Proliant DL360 servers.
Conclusion
I’ve been running this configuration for 6 days now stress-testing and it’s been working great. With the server running VMware ESXi 6.5 U3, I am able to passthrough the individual NVME SSD to virtual machines. Best of all, installing this card did not cause the fans to spin up which is often the case when using non-HPE PCIe cards.
This is the perfect mod to add NVME storage to your server, or even try out technology like VMware vSAN. I have a number of cool projects coming up using this that I’m excited to share.
When troubleshooting connectivity issues with your vMotion network (or vMotion VLAN), you may notice that you’re unable to ping using the ping or vmkping command on your ESXi and VMware hosts.
This occurs when you’re suing the vMotion TCP/IP stack on your vmkernel (vmk) adapters that are configured for vMotion.
This also applies if you’re using long distance vMotion (LDVM).
Why
The vMotion TCP/IP stack requires special syntax for ping and ICMP tests on the vmk adapters.
VMK using vMotion TCP/IP Stack
Above is an example where a vmk adapter (vmk3) is configured to use the vMotion TCP/IP stack.
How
To “ping” and test your vMotion network that uses the vMotion TCP/IP stack, you’ll need to use the special command below:
In the command above, change “vmk1” to the vmkernel adapter you want to send the pings from. Additionally, change “ip.add.re.ss” to the IP address of the host you want to ping.
Using this method, you can fully verify network connectivity between the vMotion vmks using the vMotion stack.
In response to COVID 19, VMware has extended their VMware Horizon 7 trial offering up to 90 days and includes 100 users. This includes both VMware Horizon 7 On-Premise, as well as VMware Cloud on AWS.
This is great if you’re planning or about to implement and deploy VMware Horizon 7.
In it’s simplest form, Horizon 7 allows an organization to virtualize their end user computing. No more computers, no more desktops, only Zero clients and software clients. Not only does this streamline the end user computing experience, but it enables a beautiful remote access solution as well.
And Horizon isn’t limited to VDI… You can install the VMware Horizon Agent on a Physical PC so you can use VDI technologies like Blast Extreme to remote in to physical desktops at your office. It makes the perfect remote access solution. Give it a try today with an evaluation license!
This website uses cookies to improve your experience. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish.
Do you accept the use of cookies and accept our privacy policy? AcceptRejectCookie and Privacy Policy
Privacy & Cookies Policy
Privacy Overview
This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience.
